1981 marked the beginning of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV epidemic. Discovery of the virus is credited to two people, Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier. The virus is believed to have originated in Africa amongst the primate population. At some point during the 20th century the virus crossed over into the human population.
There are two main strains that have been discovered. The first strain is known as HIV-1 and is responsible for the large majority of HIV infections throughout the world. It is considered easy to transmit. The second strain of the virus is called HIV-2. This strain remains largely in the West African region and does not transmit as easily as the HIV-1 strain.
Over time, the virus can develop into Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. Having AIDS causes the immune system to become dramatically weakened. Due to this weakened state an individual who has AIDS is more susceptible to diseases such as streptococcal infections, different forms of pneumonia, and even various cancers.
HIV Transmission
There are three basic ways the HIV virus can be transmitted from human to human. One of the most common methods of transmission is through sexual relations. The second common transmission method for HIV is through the blood. The third way the virus can be transmitted is from the mother to a child.
Transmission of HIV can occur during unprotected sexual relations. If the infected person’s secretions come into contact with their partner’s mucous membranes, infection can occur. Mucus membranes can be genital, rectal, and even oral.
HIV transmission through the blood is also very common. Intravenous drug users who share needles can spread the virus from person to person. Before it was known that HIV was transmittable through the blood, many people became infected from blood transfusions. There are now measures put in place to test blood for HIV before it used for transfusions in most regions around the world today.
A mother infected with HIV can spread the virus to her child while still in the womb and also during childbirth. If treated the chances for infection of the child are dramatically decreased. A cesarean section should also be performed to prevent transmission during delivery. An infected mother that breast feeds her child also increases the risk of transmission.
HIV Prevention
To prevent the spread of HIV it is important to practice safe sex at all times. Use latex condoms when engaging in sexual relations. Spermicides do not prevent HIV infection, but can actually increase the likelihood of transmission.
Avoid intravenous drug usage. If using intravenous drugs make sure to never reuse needles to avoid the risk of transmitting the disease.
HIV and AIDS Treatment
At present there is no cure for HIV and AIDS. There is no vaccine that can prevent infection. There are treatment methods that are promising. Known as HAART, the ‘highly active antiretroviral therapy’ works by combining three or more inhibitor types of drugs like protease inhibitors or entry inhibitors. This treatment has helped to improve the health of thousands of HIV infected people.